Links Between Oral Health and Cancer: What You Need to Know
Did you know that there may be a connection between your oral health and cancer? It may sound surprising, but emerging research is shedding light on the links between the two. Taking care of your teeth and gums is not just about maintaining a beautiful smile; it could play a role in reducing the risk of certain cancers.
In this article, I'll explore the intriguing relationship between oral health and cancer and uncover the important information you need to know. I'll delve into the particular cancer types that have been associated with poor oral hygiene and explore the mechanisms that are believed to be behind these connections. Then I'll give you practical tips and recommendations on how to maintain good oral health and lower your cancer risk.
So, let's dive in and learn more about this fascinating connection.
Understanding the connection between oral health and cancer
New research has uncovered a surprising connection between the health of our mouths and the risk of developing certain types of cancer. While the relationship may not be immediately obvious, there are several ways that poor oral hygiene and oral health conditions can contribute to the development of cancer.
One of the key links between oral health and cancer is the role of inflammation. Chronic inflammation in the mouth, often caused by issues like gum disease, has been associated with an increased risk of various cancers. When the body experiences persistent inflammation, it can lead to cellular changes and DNA damage, which are precursors to cancer development.
You've probably heard about the gut microbiome. But our mouths contain the second largest microbiome in the body, with over 700 species of bacteria, together with fungi, viruses and protozoa (1).
In healthy people, the stomach acid and bile acids separate the oral microbiome and the gut microbiome. But if those barriers are disrupted, harmful bacteria from the mouth, such as those associated with gum disease, can migrate into the gut.
These bacteria can produce carcinogenic compounds and toxins that can enter the bloodstream and circulate throughout the body, potentially contributing to the growth and spread of cancer cells (2).
Poor oral hygiene and the resulting dental problems can also lead to an accumulation of harmful substances, like tobacco and alcohol, in the mouth. Both are known carcinogens that can directly increase the risk of certain types of oral and throat cancers, as well as cancers of the digestive system.
By understanding the complex connections between oral health and cancer, we can proactively maintain good oral hygiene and reduce our risk of developing these potentially life-threatening conditions. The key is to recognise the importance of oral health and its far-reaching implications for our overall well-being.
Common types of cancer associated with poor oral health
While the links between oral health and cancer are still being actively researched, several types of cancer have been consistently associated with poor oral hygiene and oral health conditions.
As you would expect, one of the most well-established connections is between oral and oropharyngeal (throat) cancers and poor oral health. Studies have shown that individuals with a history of gum disease or tooth loss have a higher risk of developing these types of cancers, which often affect the lips, tongue, cheeks, gums, and throat (3)
Another type of cancer that is connected to poor oral health is oesophageal cancer. The spread of harmful bacteria and inflammatory compounds can affect the oesophagus, which connects the throat from the mouth. This can lead to the development of precancerous changes and, ultimately, oesophageal cancer (4).
Pancreatic cancer has also been associated with the presence of certain oral bacteria. Researchers believe that the inflammatory response triggered by these bacteria may play a role in the development and progression of pancreatic cancer, a highly aggressive form of the disease (5).
Studies have also suggested a connection between oral health and the risk of developing lung cancer. The presence of certain oral bacteria and the chronic inflammation they can cause may contribute to the development of lung cancer, particularly among individuals who drink alcohol and smoke or have a history of smoking (6).
There is also evidence that long-term dental plaque control can help prevent H pylori-induced gastric disease or re-infection. H pylori is implicated in gastric cancer (7).
In a systematic review of the literature around the oral microbiome and breast cancer, the researchers found that the risk of breast cancer was higher in women suffering from periodontal disease (8).
Risk factors for developing oral health-related cancers
Understanding the risk factors for developing oral health-related cancers is crucial in taking steps to reduce the risk. Several factors, both modifiable and non-modifiable, can contribute to an individual's susceptibility to these types of cancers.
As I've mentioned above, one of the primary risk factors is poor oral hygiene and chronic oral health conditions, such as periodontal (gum) disease.
Tobacco use, including smoking, chewing (as in betel nut use) and vaping, is another significant risk factor. Tobacco products contain carcinogenic compounds that can directly damage the cells in the mouth and throat, leading to an increased risk of oral, oropharyngeal, and oesophageal cancers. Using tobacco can also cause changes in the oral microbiome, further compounding the cancer risk (7).
Excessive alcohol consumption is also a risk factor for oral health-related cancers. The breakdown products of alcohol can act as an irritant to the cells in the mouth and throat, and when combined with tobacco use, the risk of developing these types of cancers is even higher. Individuals who engage in both heavy smoking and heavy drinking are at the greatest risk (9).
Age is a non-modifiable risk factor, as the risk of developing oral and oropharyngeal cancers usually increases with age. These types of cancers are more commonly diagnosed in individuals over the age of 50, with the risk continuing to rise with advancing age (10).
Certain genetic factors and underlying medical conditions, such as a weakened immune system or a history of previous head and neck cancers, can also contribute to an increased risk of oral health-related cancers.
Signs and symptoms of oral health-related cancers
Recognising the early signs and symptoms of oral health-related cancers is crucial for timely detection and treatment. While some of these signs may be subtle or easily overlooked, it's essential to be vigilant and seek medical attention if you find any concerning changes.
One of the most common signs of oral and oropharyngeal cancers is a persistent sore or lesion in the mouth, such as a red or white patch, a lump or thickening of the tissue, or a non-healing ulcer. These changes may occur on the lips, tongue, gums, or other areas of the mouth and throat.
Difficulty swallowing or a feeling of something stuck in the throat can also be a symptom of oral or oropharyngeal cancer, as the tumour may be affecting the function of the throat and swallowing mechanisms.
Unexplained pain or numbness in the mouth, jaw, or face can also be a warning sign, as these cancers can sometimes affect the nerves in the affected area.
Changes in the voice, such as hoarseness or a change in vocal pitch, may suggest a tumour in the throat or larynx (voice box), which can be associated with oral health-related cancers.
Some people may experience unexplained weight loss, fatigue, or a persistent cough, which can be signs that the cancer has progressed or metastasised to other parts of the body.
These signs and symptoms can also be associated with other, less serious conditions. However, if any of these changes persist or worsen, it is crucial to schedule an appointment with a healthcare provider, preferably a dentist or an oral healthcare specialist, for a thorough evaluation and diagnosis.
Preventive measures for maintaining good oral health
By implementing a comprehensive oral hygiene routine and adopting healthy lifestyle habits, individuals can safeguard their oral health and potentially lower their cancer risk.
Before cleaning your teeth in the morning, try oil pulling. To do this, put a tablespoon of virgin coconut oil in your mouth and swill it around the mouth. I find it's helpful to do this before getting in the shower. When you get out of the shower, spit out the coconut oil into a pot that you can dispose of later once it's solidified. That stops it blocking your drains when it goes solid. Then clean your teeth. The coconut oil will remove any stains and help to loosen plaque and food particles that may be difficult to remove. It is also antibacterial.
Brush your teeth twice a day with toothpaste, floss daily to remove plaque and food particles, and use mouthwash that doesn't contain alcohol to help control the growth of harmful bacteria in the mouth. I recommend using mouthwash that contains appropriate oral probiotics.
Regular dental check-ups and cleanings are also crucial for maintaining good oral health. Visiting a dentist at least twice a year allows for the early detection and treatment of any oral health issues, such as gum disease, tooth decay, or oral lesions, before they can progress and potentially contribute to the development of cancer.
During a dental check-up, the dentist will examine the mouth, including the lips, tongue, gums, and other oral structures, looking for any abnormalities or changes that may suggest cancer or precancerous lesions. This examination can involve visual inspection, palpation (feeling for any lumps or irregularities), and potentially the use of specialised diagnostic tools, such as oral cancer screening devices.
As well as the visual examination, the dentist may also recommend additional screening tests, such as a biopsy, to investigate any suspicious findings. These tests can diagnose cancer or precancerous changes and guide any treatment that's required.
Adopting a healthy, balanced diet rich in fruits and vegetables can also contribute to good oral health and potentially lower the risk of cancer. These nutrient-dense foods contain antioxidants and other compounds that can help protect the cells in the mouth and throat from damage and inflammation.
Supportive care for cancer patients' oral health
For individuals diagnosed with cancer, maintaining good oral health is not only important for their overall well-being but can also play a crucial role in the success of their cancer treatment and recovery. Cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and certain medications, can have significant effects on the health of the mouth and surrounding tissues, making supportive care for oral health a critical aspect of cancer management.
One of the primary concerns for cancer patients is the development of oral complications, such as mouth sores (mucositis), dry mouth (xerostomia), and infections. These issues can arise from the direct effects of cancer treatments on the rapidly dividing cells in the mouth, as well as the weakened immune system that often accompanies cancer therapies.
To address these challenges, healthcare providers, including dentists and oral healthcare specialists, work closely with cancer care teams to develop comprehensive oral care plans for their patients. These plans may include regular dental check-ups, specialised cleaning procedures, the use of topical treatments or medications to manage oral complications, and the use of strategies to maintain adequate hydration and nutrition.
Maintaining good oral health can help prevent infections, facilitate proper nutrition, and support the body's natural healing processes, all of which are crucial for the successful management of cancer.
Conclusion: Taking care of your oral health for overall well-being
In conclusion, the emerging research on the links between oral health and cancer highlights the importance of prioritising the health of our mouths for our overall well-being. The evidence suggests that maintaining good oral hygiene and addressing oral health issues can play a significant role in reducing the risk of developing certain types of cancer.
By making oral health a priority and actively taking care of our mouths, we can both keep our smiles beautiful and potentially lower the chances of certain types of cancer. This holistic approach to our well-being is a testament to the intricate connections between our oral health and our overall health and wellness.
There are so many other ways of preventing cancers of all sorts. You can find out more about this in my book here and discover the various online stores where you can find it by clicking on the button below.
References
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Pignatelli P, Nuccio F, Piattelli A, Curia MC. The role of fusobacterium nucleatum in oral and colorectal carcinogenesis. Microorganisms. 2023;11(9):2358. doi:10.3390/microorganisms11092358
Mahuli AV, Sagar V, Kumar A, Mahuli SA, Kujur A. A systematic review and meta-analysis assessing the role of oral health as a risk factor in oral cancer. Cureus. Published online May 31, 2023. doi:10.7759/cureus.39786
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Thu MS, Chotirosniramit K, Nopsopon T, Hirankarn N, Pongpirul K. Human gut, breast, and oral microbiome in breast cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Oncology. 2023;13. doi:10.3389/fonc.2023.1144021
Smędra A, Berent J. The influence of the oral microbiome on oral cancer: A literature review and a new approach. Biomolecules. 2023;13(5):815. doi:10.3390/biom13050815
Ndegwa N, Ploner A, Liu Z, Roosaar A, Axéll T, Ye W. Association between poor oral health and gastric cancer: A prospective cohort study. International Journal of Cancer. 2018;143(9):2281-2288. doi:10.1002/ijc.31614
